The Islamic calendar, Muslim calendar or Hijri calendar. 1434: 5: 2014: 1435: 6: 2015: 1436: 6: 2016: 1437: 7: 2017: 1438: 7. Islamic calendar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the lunar Hijri calendar. For the solar calendar whose first year is fixed to the Hijra, see Solar Hijri calendar. Each numbered year is designated either . It contains 12 months that are based on the motion of the moon, and because 12 synodic months is only 12 x 29.53=354.36 days, the Islamic calendar is consistently shorter. Please click Hijri calendar 1438 to download it for your country. Islamic Calendar 2013 (1434) Size.
In the Gregorian calendar, 1. AH runs from approximately 1. October 2. 01. 5 to 2 October 2. The cycle repeats every 3. No. Name. Arabic. Meaning. Note. 1Mu. Another account relates that they used to loot the houses of their enemies after defeating them in battle, leaving nothing behind. Rab. Also a very holy month of celebration for many Muslims, as it was the month the Prophet Muhammad was born. Rajab may also be related to a verb meaning . Another account relates that it was called thus because the month lies between Rajab and Rama. Supposedly so called because of high temperatures caused by the excessive heat of the sun. During this time, Muslims must fast from pre- dawn till sunset and should give charity to the poor and needy. Shaww. People are allowed to defend themselves if attacked. Dh. The Hajj is performed on the eighth, ninth and the tenth of this month. Day of Arafah takes place on the ninth of the month. Traditionally this is based on actual witnessing of the crescent marking the end of the previous lunar cycle and hence the previous month, thereby beginning the new month. Consequently, each month can have 2. However, certain sects and groups, most notably Dawoodi Bohra Muslims and Shia Ismaili Muslims, use a tabular Islamic calendar (see section below) in which odd- numbered months have thirty days (and also the twelfth month in a leap year) and even months have 2. Days of the week. In Arabic, the . The Islamic weekdays, like those in the Hebrew and Bah. The Christian liturgical day, kept in monasteries, begins with vespers (see vesper), which is evening, in line with the other Abrahamic traditions. Christian and planetary weekdays begin at the following midnight. Muslims gather for worship at a mosque at noon on . This is frequently made official, with many Muslim countries adopting Friday and Saturday (e. Egypt, Saudi Arabia) or Thursday and Friday as official weekends, during which offices are closed; other countries (e. Iran) choose to make Friday alone a day of rest. A few others (e. g., Turkey, Pakistan, Morocco) have adopted the Saturday- Sunday weekend while making Friday a working day with a long midday break to allow time off for worship. Sunday. Monday. Tuesday. Wednesday. Thursday. Friday. Saturday. Name(Yawm) al- A. At least some of these calendars followed the lunisolar system. For Central Arabia, especially Mecca, there is a lack of epigraphical evidence but details are found in the writings of Muslim authors of the Abbasid era. Both al- Biruni and al- Mas'udi suggest that the Ancient Arabs used the same month names as the Muslims, though they also record other month names used by the pre- Islamic Arabs. In stark opposition to this opinion however, subsequent Christian. Nevertheless, the Islamic position equating Nisan with Dh. The forbidden months were four months during which fighting is forbidden, listed as Rajab and the three months around the pilgrimage season, Dhu al- Qa. Information about the forbidden months is also found in the writings of Procopius, where he describes an armistice with the Eastern Arabs of the Lakhmid al- Mundhir which happened in the summer of 5. AD. However, Muslim historians do not link these months to a particular season. The Qur'an links the four forbidden months with Nas. According to this view, Nas. This interpretation is supported by Arab historians and lexicographers, like Ibn Hisham, Ibn Manzur, and the corpus of Qur'anic exegesis. According to the context of this inscription, the verb ns'. The similarity between the religious concept of this ancient inscription and the Qur'an suggests that non- calendaring postponement is also the Qur'anic meaning of Nas. It was not intended to establish a fixed calendar to be generally observed. This interpretation was first proposed by the medieval Muslim astrologer and astronomer Abu Ma'shar al- Balkhi, and later by al- Biruni. The Arabs, according to one explanation mentioned by Abu Ma'shar, learned of this type of intercalation from the Jews. All these values are in agreement with the cycle of the seasons which requires on average an addition of one month every 3. Some writers have suggested that the first intercalation doubled the first month Muharram, then on the next adjustment the second month Safar was doubled, continuing until the intercalation had passed through all twelve months of the year and returned to Muharram, when it was repeated. This is explained by one scholar as the writer simply explaining the intercalated calendar in terms of the fixed calendar, which his readers were familiar with. The Qu'ran makes it clear that in intercalary years the number of months was expanded from its usual twelve (see next section). It is affirmed that the divinely ordained number of the months is twelve. What dates we can fix confirm this picture. Traditionally Muhammad was born in the spring of the year of the elephant (AD 5. Monday, 1. 2 Rabi'I. This would equate to 2 June, making Muharram equal to Nisan. In the year of the Hejira (AD 6. Muhammad traditionally left Mecca on Sunday night, the start of 2. Safar. This equates to Sunday, 9 May and points to Muharram starting on 1. March, again equivalent to Nisan. He entered Medina traditionally on Monday, 8 Rabi'I (2. May). There he found the Jews observing an important holy day. From the reference to Moses and the Exodus . Muhammad's son Ibrahim was traditionally born in Dhu al - Hijjah, the twelfth month, which was the month of the pilgrimage, in AD 6. He is believed to have died in AD 6. The date of his death coincided with a solar eclipse. This fixes the date, 2. Shawwal AH 1. 0, as 2. January. With no intercalation the following Muharram corresponds to Nisan, and also Muharram in the present calendar, that being the end of intercalation in the Islamic calendar. Prohibiting Nas. That is the right religion. So wrong not each other during them. And fight the unbelievers totally even as they fight you totally and know that God is with the godfearing. Know that intercalation (nasi) is an addition to disbelief. Those who disbelieve are led to error thereby, making it lawful in one year and forbidden in another in order to adjust the number of (the months) made sacred by God and make the sacred ones permissible. The evil of their course appears pleasing to them. But God gives no guidance to those who disbelieve. The prohibition of Nas. One year they authorise the Nasi. They observe the divine precept with respect to the number of the sacred months, but in fact they profane that which God has declared to be inviolable, and sanctify that which God has declared to be profane. Assuredly time, in its revolution, has returned to such as it was at the creation of the heavens and the earth. In the eyes of God the number of the months is twelve. Among these twelve months four are sacred, namely, Rajab, which stands alone, and three others which are consecutive. The single forbidden month is Rajab, month 7. These months were considered forbidden both within the new Islamic calendar and within the old pagan Meccan calendar. Year numbering. In pre- Islamic Arabia, it was customary to identify a year after a major event which took place in it. Thus, according to Islamic tradition, Abraha, governor of Yemen, then a province of the Christian Kingdom of Aksum (Ethiopia), attempted to destroy the Kaaba with an army which included several elephants. The raid was unsuccessful, but that year became known as the Year of the Elephant, during which Muhammad was born (sura al- Fil). Most equate this to the year AD 5. AD 5. 71. The first ten years of the Hijra were not numbered, but were named after events in the life of Muhammad according to Ab. This report convinced Umar of the need to introduce an era for Muslims. After debating the issue with his counsellors, he decided that the first year should include the date of Muhammad's arrival at Medina (known as Yathrib, before Muhammad's arrival). Uthman ibn Affan then suggested that the months begin with Muharram, in line with the established custom of the Arabs at that time. The years of the Islamic calendar thus began with the month of Muharram in the year of Muhammad's arrival at the city of Medina, even though the actual emigration took place in Safar and Rabi' I. This Julian date (1. July) was determined by medieval Muslim astronomers by projecting back in time their own tabular Islamic calendar, which had alternating 3. For example, al- Biruni mentioned this Julian date in the year AD 1. The latter is based on a year of 1. Each lunar month begins at the time of the monthly . The month is defined as the average duration of a revolution of the Moon around the Earth (2. By convention, months of 3. This leaves only a small monthly variation of 4. To settle accounts, it is sufficient to add one day every three years to the lunar calendar, in the same way that one adds one day to the Gregorian calendar every four years. Traditionally, the first day of each month is the day (beginning at sunset) of the first sighting of the hilal (crescent moon) shortly after sunset. If the hilal is not observed immediately after the 2. Such a sighting has to be made by one or more trustworthy men testifying before a committee of Muslim leaders. Determining the most likely day that the hilal could be observed was a motivation for Muslim interest in astronomy, which put Islam in the forefront of that science for many centuries. This traditional practice is still followed in the overwhelming majority of Muslim countries. Each Islamic state proceeds with its own monthly observation of the new moon (or, failing that, awaits the completion of 3. But, the lunar crescent becomes visible only some 1. Due to the interplay of all these factors, the beginning of each month differs from one Muslim country to another, during the 4.
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